Abstract
There are two main factors which, combined together, allow understanding community assembly : i) the environment (both abiotic and biotic), which acts as a filter selecting species according to how well-adapted they are to given conditions, and ii) functional traits, on which this environmental filtering occurs since they represent species adaptations to particular conditions. It is thus essential to establish reliable relationships between environmental conditions and the functional structure of communities in order to identify and understand the mechanisms driving community assembly. However, several factors such as cross-scale interactions between environmental variables complicate the situation. This is why, despite a growing body of studies on the subject, processes of community assembly are still poorly understood and are difficult to generalize. The purpose of this thesis is to i) better define and quantify the trait-environment relationships in herbaceous systems across different spatial scales and ii) determine the influence of those relationships on community assembly and on ecosystem functioning. To realize these objectives, I worked with data from programs which assembled taxonomic and functional data on herbaceous communities across France (DivHerbe and DivGrass) and, to a lesser extent, Europe (VISTA). These databases thus cover large regional climatic gradients, as well as more local environmental gradients related to soil quality and disturbances. I first tested the importance of simultaneously considering local and regional environmental variables as well as their interactions to determine the taxonomic and functional structure of communities. Then, I studied how the relative importance of processes leading to either functional convergence or divergence can change along a successional gradient, and how these two types of processes influence our ability to predict community assembly from functional traits. Finally, I presented how the results at the community-level can be used to study the ecosystem-level. The results of this thesis demonstrate that regional climatic variables strongly interact with local environmental variables in driving the local processes responsible for community assembly. Assessing the regional context is thus necessary in order to avoid erroneous interpretations of observed assembly patterns. Working with those two levels of environmental variation, important discrepancies were found between taxonomic and functional variations across communities, reflecting the importance of considering several aspects of biodiversity in order to understand community dynamics. The results also demonstrated that the assembly processes leading to functional convergence and divergence have a very different and predictable impact on the relationships between traits and species relative abundances, i.e. on our ability to predict community assembly from traits. Finally, these notions related to trait-environment relationships and to trait-based community assembly were used in a functional biogeography framework: It was possible to build maps of functional traits values in permanent grasslands across France using environmental variables. These maps then allowed predicting particular ecosystem properties. Thus, this work allowed illustrating some challenges that we are facing in using our knowledge in functional ecology to build sustainable conservation and exploitation plans for our ecosystems.