Résumé
Although the importance of vines and olives is well established in the medieval western Mediterranean, in Morocco, it has rarely been investigated other than through textual sources alone, due to the low number of archaeobotanical studies. The rapid development of archaeobotany in the past decade allows us to propose a first review on Vitis vinifera and Olea europaea medieval history, using a cross-disciplinary approach (carpology, anthracology, textual sources, geometric morphometrics), to document their past diversity, their use and their presence in the agricultural landscape. The archaeobotanical studies highlight the prominent role played by these two species during the Middle Ages, placing them alongside naked wheat and hulled barley among the most commonly consumed/used plants. Archaeological pips and stones clearly indicate the consumption of these fruits in a great part of the country, at least as far as the foot of the High Atlas and the beginning of the argan zone. The ancient exploited diversity is characterized by the morphometric approach, as well as by textual sources which specify the existence of dozens of grape and olive varieties as well as different types of products (wines, vinegars, verjuice, olive oil). Although the archaeobotanical data suffer from a certain geographical imbalance, with a greater number of sites studied in the north of the country, the discovery of crushing/pressing by-products remains and the importance of Olea in anthracological assemblages suggest the important role it played in the Haouz region, south of Marrakech, by the end of the Middle Ages.