Résumé
Spinal cord injuries (SCI) affect between 2.5 and 4 million patients worldwide, with no current curative treatment. To understand the mechanisms underlying the absence of spontaneous regeneration following injury, we are combining the non-linear multiphoton microscopy (MPM) technique with force measurements via atomic force microscopy (AFM), in a mouse model, to monitor the glial scar, a scar that inhibits the axonal regeneration by forming a physical and chemical barrier composed mainly of astrocytes and microglia. We recorded 2-photon excited fluorescence (2PEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) signals of excised mice SC injured tissues in MPM at 72h, 1week and 6 weeks post-lesion, and further performed polarization dependent measurements of the SHG signal to assess the preferential orientation of the collagen bundles. Our MPM images revealed a strong SHG signal at 1 week post injury, due to the formation of fibrillary collagen fibers (collagen type I) by the injury site. The SHG signal was increased at 6 weeks after injury, and associated with (1) a higher fiber density (2) a shorter fiber length and less fibers oriented in the same direction. AFM based force spectroscopy measurements, performed at the same post-lesion time-points to map the elastic properties of the spared grey and white matters and injured (lesion) parts of the tissue, suggested an increase of the lesion area stiffness over time. These results together indicate the presence of a fibrotic process seven days after injury, that is further increased at later time points. We similarly started to investigate the effect of a treatment (pharmacological transient depletion of microglia/macrophage proliferation) in mice that underwent SCI. Our preliminary results suggested an increase in fibers length in treated tissues, as well as a reduction of the collagen extension around the injury site.