Résumé
Problem statement. Micronutrient deficiencies (vitamins and minerals), sometimes called “hidden hunger”, affect over 2 billion people worldwide and have many consequences on human development and health. Among the different strategies to address this challenge, biofortification and dietary diversification have often been opposed, giving rise to controversy over their respective benefits and effectiveness. Biofortification consists in increasing the micronutrient contents of food crops through selective breeding, genetic modification, or enriched fertilization. Dietary diversification consists in enhancing the availability, access, and utilization of a variety of foods through more diversified agri-food systems and food environments. The debate between these two approaches engages different levers and actors, at different scales, and reflects different visions on agriculture, food and nutritional security. 2. Methodology. We propose here to disaggregate the representation of this controversy through an interdisciplinary prism, considering the whole food system as an efficient conceptual framework for understanding the links between production and nutrition outcomes. By considering impacts on health and environment through a cross-cutting approach, we achieved an integrated literature review that mobilized complementary scientific disciplines in environmental, medical and social sciences, providing an original and holistic perspective on the debate. 3. Results. While there is consistent evidence that higher dietary diversity can prevent micronutrient deficiencies in low-income countries there is still a need for evidence that biofortified foods can have …