Résumé
Within a species, sex-specific selection among males and females can result in an evolutionary conflict between the sexes. Previous studies have shown the importance of sexual conflict in affecting male and female fitness, either under laboratory conditions or sometimes directly in the field. Laboratory conditions are likely to be an unrealistic representation of the complex conditions organisms would actually experience in the wild (e.g. static abiotic conditions, absence of predators and parasites, abundant resources, skewed social interactions, etc.), and these differences in selective pressures could radically change the patterns of sexual conflict found in the laboratory. To explore this question, we took Drosophila laboratory lines back to the field, to investigate the effects of sex-genotype-environment interactions on fitness. Using hemiclonal lines showing extreme sexual conflict under laboratory conditions, we compare sexual conflict signatures between laboratory and field conditions, with the use of outdoor microcosms. Fitness assays based on phenotypic markers show that patterns of sexual conflict change drastically between the two conditions experienced by males and females. We also present preliminary data showing sex-specific fitness estimates based on pooled sequencing. We discuss the implications of the differences observed for sex-specific fitness under semi-natural conditions, and thus of the environmental dependence of sexual conflict.