Abstract
1- Introduction: Propionibacterium freudenreichii is an Actinobacterium widely used in the dairy industry as a ripening culture for Swiss-type cheeses, for vitamin B12 production and some strains display probiotic properties. It is reportedly a hardy bacterium, able to survive the cheese-making process and digestive stresses. 2- Objectives : The aim of the study was to decipher metabolic adaptations of P. freudenrechii responsible for long-term survival under gradual nutritional shortage.3- Materials & methods: For 11 days, in a non-nutrient supplemented culture medium, eight strains were monitored by measuring their optical density, counting colony-forming units (CFU) and using LIVE/DEAD staining and microscopy observation. The strain with the highest survival rate was incubated for 11 days (9 days after entry into stationary phase) in Yeast Extract Lactate medium at 30 °C under microaerophilic conditions, without any adjunct during the incubation. Its physiological adaptation was investigated by RNA-seq analysis. The carbon and free amino acids sources available in the medium, and the organic acids produced by the strain, were monitored throughout growth and survival. 4- Results: Under these conditions, the eight studied strains displayed high survival rates, their culturability reaching more than 9 log 10 CFU/ml after 2 days. After 11 days, this value ranged from 7.8 to 8.2 log 10 CFU/ml depending on the strain, and at least 50% of the P. freudenreichii population displayed an intact envelope. P. freudenreichii with the highest survival rate was CIRM-BIA 138 (alias ITG P9). Although lactate (the preferred carbon source for P. freudenreichii) was exhausted three days after inoculation, the CIRM-BIA 138 strain sustained a high population level of 9.3 log 10 CFU/mL and revealed a complete disruption of metabolism at the entry into stationary phase as compared to exponential phase.5- Conclusions: P. freudenreichii adapts its metabolism during entry into stationary phase by down-regulating oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and the Wood-Werkman cycle, by exploiting new nitrogen (glutamate, glycine, alanine) sources, by down-regulating the transcription, translation and secretion of protein. Utilization of polyphosphates was suggested.