Résumé
Climate-smart agriculture, agroecology, and nature-based solutions offer alternative approaches to address climate change challenges, aiming to replace both industrial and traditional farming. While industrial agriculture increased production, it caused environmental harm, and some traditional practices have led to resource overexploitation. These concepts share similarities but also differ, especially regarding the inclusion of traditional knowledge and risks of greenwashing. Critics warn that nature-based solutions may exclude rural communities or benefit polluting industries. This chapter explores the tensions and synergies between these approaches at policy and production system levels.