Résumé
Multiple studies have revealed the richness of the fungal microbial community of grape must and wine which are under the influence of environmental and anthropogenic factors. However, until recently, we had no evidence of how historical processes may have impacted the diversity of the yeasts found on grapes and developing during wine alcoholic fermentation. The different generations of molecular methods have provided progressively more and more information for Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and recently for other yeast species of the grape must microbial communities, gradually revealing how the development of wine technology has shaped the diversities of wine yeasts. This chapter presents the recent advances made on the knowledge of the diversities of yeast species of the grape must and wine microbial community. For the model species S. cerevisiae, the successive generations of genotyping methods and population genomics have offered the most comprehensive view of its evolution including population structure, genomic specificities, and demographic history. The development of molecular methods revealed as well the importance of other Saccharomyces species and their related interspecies hybrids with S. cerevisiae. More recently, the exploration of the diversities of non-Saccharomyces yeast species members of the grape must and wine community such as Hanseniaspora uvarum, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Brettanomyces bruxellensis, Lachancea thermotolerans and Starmerella bacillaris revealed specific population structures.