Résumé
Microbes, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, play a crucial role in ecological balance and have demonstrated the ability to regulate pest populations through various mechanisms. They can act as directly as antagonists through parasitism, antibiosis, and toxin production or indirectly through the competition for space, nutrients and iron and induction of systemic resistance in the plant. Microbial biocontrol agents (MBCAs) offer several advantages over conventional chemical pesticides. Microbes are typically environmentally friendly, as they are often specific to their target pests. Development of resistance in the pest to these is difficult, as their mode of action differs from chemical pesticides. Additionally, MBCAs can be easily integrated into existing pest management programmes, providing a sustainable and cost-effective approach to crop protection. Several successful examples of MBCAs have been documented in various agricultural systems. Bacillus thuringiensis has been widely used for controlling insect pests, particularly lepidopteran larvae, which is killed by its toxins. Trichoderma species have demonstrated effectiveness in suppressing soilborne pathogens and promoting plant growth. Despite the potential of MBCAs, several challenges remain. The development and formulation of effective and stable microbial products for field application require extensive research and optimisation. Standardised protocols for evaluating the safety, efficacy, and environmental impact of MBCAs are also required. Education and awareness among farmers and stakeholders to promote the acceptance and proper utilisation of microbial-based solutions is crucial. With further research and development, MBCAs have the potential to revolutionise agricultural practices, reduce reliance on chemical pesticides, and contribute to a more sustainable and resilient agricultural system.