Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted tremendous interest in the last decades. This is due to their high chemical variability and their interesting and useful chemical, physical, and biological properties. The current chapter provides an overview on the use and the potential of ILs for biopolymer dissolution and processing, for chemical modification of biopolymers in ILs, and on the use of ILs for the fabrication of biocompatible materials and composites from renewable resources.