Résumé
This chapter describes the evolution of high throughput transcriptomic tools available for the study of gene expression during normal development and stress responses of grapevine. Differential screening of cDNA clones prepared from berries and blotted on nylon membranes provided the first attempt of "high" throughput transcriptomics. This was quickly followed by sequencing of expressed sequence tags (EST), and by the design of several generations of microarrays. The sequencing of the grape genome in 2007 finally resulted in arrays that now cover the whole genome. The use of microarrays allowed identifying gene families which were differentially expressed during grape berry ripening (transcription factors, secondary metabolism, cell wall metabolism) and networks of genes that are co-regulated. The approach has also been extended to various compartments of the berries (skin, flesh, seed) and to gene expression changes induced by water stress and berry microenvironment. Microarrays were also used to identify target genes of transcription factors that were overexpressed into grapevine hairy roots and plants. More recently, high throughput transcriptomics was used to obtain an overall view of changes in gene expression that were induced by fungal diseases. The current trends consist in the use of graphic tools that facilitate the interpretation of microarray data, and in the use of high throughput sequencing technologies in place of microarray hybridization.