Résumé
This chaptershows that agricultural production and food systems together currently represent the primary driver of biodiversity erosion on a planetary scale and the second driver of accelerating climate change. Vulnerable farmers also represent most of the population living below the poverty line. These are indications that allow them to affirm that agriculture and food systems are crucial issues for the 21st century, as it will enable them, like few others, to operate with the interdependencies that involve a set of strategic areas to think about far-reaching social transformations or to achieve ambitious normative purposes such as those expressed in the 2030 Agenda and the SDGs. Their dialogue around this theme crosses several domains, namely: understanding transformations already underway in the sphere of production and consumption; changes in the ways these systems are regulated at multiple scales (local, national, global) and their multilevel articulations; conflicts between actors and social forces, in national economies and the repositioning of international geopolitics; and, finally, the scientific challenges that are posed to produce new knowledge and improve the information and analysis available to decision-makers to advance that agenda.